Est. read time: 2 minutes | Last updated: December 17, 2024 by John Gentile

Contents

High-Speed Ethernet L1 & L2 Overview

As a quick refresher, Ethernet (and other high-speed serial protocols) define intermediate layers to their bottom two OSI layers (images of Versal GTM Architecture):

RX GTM Overview TX GTM Overview

For Ethernet, these sublayers are described as (from lowest to highest layer):

  1. L1 - Physical Layer (PHY):
    1. Physical Medium Dependent (PMD) - Sublayer for the physical transceiver in/out of a medium (e.x. optical transceiver to go between electrical lanes & fiber)
      1. The trailing number in a given Ethernet flavor defines the number of PMD lanes, or commonly, how many fibers or lanes across a medium. For example, in 100GBASE-LR4 there are 4x PMD lanes (each at 25Gb/s NRZ) over the optical transceiver module.
    2. Physical Medium Attachment (PMA) - mainly the SERDES logic & equalization/pre-emphasis, etc. but also plays a part in how many electrical interface lanes are used by a given standard to interact with the PMD layer. For example, in 100GBASE-DR1, the transceiver module gearboxes 4x 25Gb/s NRZ electrical lanes (PMA) to a single-mode fiber (SMF) 1x 100Gb/s PAM-4 optical signal.
    3. Physical Coding Sublayer (PCS) - line encoding (64b/66b, 256b/257b), Forward Error Correction (FEC), (de)scrambling, lane alignment, link establishment, etc. but commonly used to describe the channel bonding across PMA lanes to form a synchronous Ethernet Interface
      1. The starting number in a given Ethernet standard defines the overall data rate of an Ethernet link, to a single MAC/L2 interface. For example, in 100GBASE-LR4, the post-PCS (e.g. w/o line encoding overhead) data rate is 100Gb/s, which is achieved through lane alignment across 4x PMA lanes.
  2. L2 - Data Link Layer:
    1. Reconciliation Sublayer (RS) - Handle PHY local/remote fault handshake messaging (PHY link establishment)
    2. Medium Access Control (MAC)- Sublayer for Ethernet framing and insertion of Frame Check Sequence (FCS, CRC-32 on MAC frame) calculation/checking, Start of Frame Delimiter (SFD) & preamble, Inter-Packet Gap (IPG) padding and enforcement, etc.
    3. Logical Link Control (LLC) - Interface between MAC & Network layers, commonly EthernetII format

There are several physical signaling standards at the PMD layer with high-speed Ethernet for individual lanes:

  • 50G PAM-4: 53.125 GBaud (100Gb/s post-encoding) PAM-4 Modulation
  • 25G PAM-4: 26.5625 GBaud (50Gb/s post-encoding) PAM-4 Modulation
  • 25G NRZ: 26.5625 GBaud (25Gb/s post-encoding) NRZ Modulation

Low Latency Transceiver

In some devices, RX and TX buffers can be bypassed, and a DPLL can be used to lock the receive clock to the transmit clock to remove clock domain crossing (CDC) latency.

Cabling

Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Optical Networking- But Were Afraid to Ask

References

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